# LL-37

LL-37 is a peptide, a short chain of 37 amino acids, that the human body cuts from a bigger protein called hCAP18. A 2000 paper described hCAP18 as the only human cathelicidin identified, and tied LL-37 to a receptor on white blood cells. This hub explains what the molecule is, what two published human trials measured, what regulators have written about it, and where the evidence stops.

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| --- | --- |
| Common name | LL-37 |
| What it is | 37-residue C-terminal peptide of hCAP18, the human cathelicidin |
| Made by | Neutrophils and epithelial cells (De Yang et al., Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2000) |
| Receptor measured in 2000 | FPRL1, now called FPR2 (Qin et al., British Journal of Pharmacology, 2022) |
| Developer name used by Promore Pharma | Ropocamptide |
| Human trials found | Two trials examined: 34 participants (2014); 149 randomised, 148 treated, 144 in the main efficacy analysis (Mahlapuu et al., 2021) |
| Half-life in people | Not established in the sources opened |
| Poisons Standard, October 2026 (F2026L01327) | No LL-37 or cathelicidin entry in the instrument text, searched 16 October 2026 |
| WADA 2026 Prohibited List | Not named in the List text (searched 16 October 2026) |

## Articles in this hub

- [How does LL-37 work? What the cell research measured](https://www.formlaboratories.com/learn/ll-37/how-ll-37-works) - How LL-37 works according to published research: direct antimicrobial activity, and the recruitment of white blood cells through the receptor FPRL1 (FPR2). What was measured, in which cells, and what is not shown.
- [Is LL-37 legal in Australia? Poisons Standard, TGA, FDA and WADA records](https://www.formlaboratories.com/learn/ll-37/is-ll-37-legal-in-australia) - What the October 2026 Poisons Standard (F2026L01327), the TGA, the FDA and the WADA 2026 Prohibited List say about LL-37, with the date each record was read. Records only; this is not legal advice.
- [LL-37 side effects: what the trials and the FDA record](https://www.formlaboratories.com/learn/ll-37/ll-37-side-effects) - What the two LL-37 trials reported about safety, what the FDA safety page says about immunogenicity, impurities and nonclinical findings, and what is not known. Records only, checked 16 October 2026.
- [LL-37 human studies: what the 2014 and 2021 venous leg ulcer trials found](https://www.formlaboratories.com/learn/ll-37/ll-37-study-findings) - Two published randomised LL-37 trials in venous leg ulcers: 34 participants in 2014; 149 randomised, 148 treated and 144 in the main efficacy analysis in 2021. What each measured, the full-population result, and why a post hoc subgroup is not a primary result.
- [What is LL-37? The human cathelicidin peptide explained](https://www.formlaboratories.com/learn/ll-37/what-is-ll-37) - What LL-37 is: a 37-amino-acid peptide cut from the protein hCAP18, the only human cathelicidin identified in the 2000 paper that linked it to a receptor. Where the body makes it and what is not established.

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